This study examined the characteristics and limitations of the development framework for public buildings within cultural heritage at a time when the importance of enjoying and utilizing national heritage has increased following the transition to the “national heritage” system. It also proposed fundamental directions and detailed tasks for institutional improvement. First, the study comprehensively reviewed the distribution of public buildings and the current institutional environment. Second, it identified issues arising from changes during the planning and design stages. Third, it examined conservation management principles and international standards to suggest directions for improvement. Fourth, it derived specific tasks to strengthen the development framework for public buildings within cultural heritage. This research serves as a foundational study clarifying the intersection between cultural heritage conservation systems and public building development frameworks. Moving forward, it will be necessary to specify implementation measures for these institutional improvements and to develop detailed standards applicable to different project types and scales.